2. Wakayama Kenji, "Bakunin shokai no kigen" [The earliest references to Bakunin], (Warera no Bakunin [Our Bakunin], Tokyo, 1976, pp. 153-154), pp. 153-54; Henmi Kichizo, "Nihon ni tachiyotta Bakunin" [Bakunin’s stopover in Japan], in Henmi Kichizo, Bohyo naki anakisuto zo [Anarchists without grave-markers] (Tokyo, 1976, pp. 65-84), pp. 73-4.

3. Kimura Ki (Tsuyoshi), "Bakunin Nihon ni kuru" [Bakunin comes to Japan] (Ch. 10 of his Bunmei kaika [The Enlightenment], Tokyo, 1954, pp. 157-169), p. 164. Kemuriyama had acquired his own sketchy information about Bakunin’s Trans-Pacific escape from European biographies.

4. Principally, the aforementioned Wakayama and Henmi. It should be noted that Henmi’s piece, which drew heavily on the earlier work of Itabashi (see below for citations) and Kubo Jo ("Bakunin no Siberia dasshutsu"[Bakunin’s escape from Siberia], Kurohata (Tokyo), #12, Sept. 3, 1956; and "Bakunin ryaku nenpyou" [Brief chronology of Bakunin], Kurohata, #8, July 3, 1956), was actually written by the Osaka poet and libertarian Mukai Kou, who, after hearing the bones of the story from the ailing Henmi some years earlier, filled it out and wrote it up himself.

5. E. H. Carr, Michael Bakunin (London, 1937), pp. 228 ff.; Kaneko Yukihiko, "Bakunin no Siberia dasshutsu" [Bakunin’s escape from Siberia], Preface to Bakunin chosakushu [Selected Works of Bakunin], vol. 6, pp. 1-8, 1973, p. 5. See also David Hecht, Russian Radicals Look to America, 1825-1894 (Harvard University Press, 1947), pp. 76-77n.

6. Peter Kropotkin, Memoirs of a Revolutionist (Montreal, 1989) p. 158; Mark Borthwick, Pacific Century, The Emergence of Modern Pacific Asia (Boulder, 1992), pp. 495, 498.

7. Kropotkin, op. cit., 158.

8. Ibid., p. 161.

9. The preceding account of Bakunin’s movements in Siberia, unless otherwise indicated, was compiled from E. H. Carr, "Bakunin’s Escape from Siberia", passim; E. H. Carr, Michael Bakunin, pp. 225-35; and Kaneko, op. cit., pp. 5-6.

10. Alexander Herzen, "M. Bakunin and the Cause of Poland", in My Past and Thoughts, The Memoirs of Alexander Herzen, vol. 3. pp. 1351-1373 (London, 1968), p. 1351.

11. Cited in Kaneko, op. cit., p. 7. The account has been supplemented with information on Bodisco provided by Carr, "Bakunin’s Escape".

12. See Kimura, op. cit., p. 165.

13. Shinmura Izuru, "Bakunin raiko no koto nado" [Bakunin’s voyage to Japan and other matters], in Shinmura Izuru zenshu [Complete works of Shinmura Izuru], vol. 5, pp. 478-483 (Tokyo, 1971), p. 478; Kimura, op. cit., pp. 163-64.

14. Wakayama Kenji, "Bakunin to Hakodate, Yokohama, Kanagawa" [Bakunin and Hakodate, Yokohama and Kanagawa] (Warera no Bakunin, pp. 175-189), p. 176; Paul C. Blum, "Father Mounicou’s Bakumatsu Diary, 1856-64" (Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, 3^rd series, No. 13, pp. 5-102 (Tokyo, 1976), p. 87n.

15. Kaneko, op. cit., p. 6.

16. J. E. Hoare, Japan’s Treaty ports and Foreign Settlements: the Uninvited Guests, 1858-1899 (Japan Library, 1994), pp. 2-4.

17. Harold S. Williams, Tales of the Foreign Settlements in Japan (Tokyo, 1959), p. 41; Harold S. Williams, Foreigners in Mikadoland (Tokyo, 1963), pp. 87-89; F. G. Notehelfer, Japan Through American Eyes, The Journal of Francis Hall, Kanagawa and Yokohama, 1859-1866 (Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 67.

18. Cited in Pat Barr, The Coming of the Barbarians: A Story of Western Settlement in Japan, 1853-1870 (London & Melbourne, 1967), p. 88.

19. Cited in Hoare, op. cit., 8.

20. Barr, op. cit., pp. 90, 100.

21. Cited in Ibid., p. 100.

22. Cited in Williams, Tales, p. 60. See also Williams, Foreigners, pp. 94-95.

23. Williams, Tales, p. 61.

24. See Notehelfer, op. cit.

25. David Hecht, op. cit., p. 55.

26. Notehelfer, op. cit., p. 38.

27. Ibid., p. 370.

28. Kaneko, op. cit., p. 6.

29. Notehelfer, op, cit., pp. 251, 369-70. See also Herman J. Moeshart, "Von Siebold’s Second Visit to Japan, 1859-62", in Peter Lowe and Herman J. Moeshart, eds., Western Interactions with Japan (Folkestone, 1990, pp. 13-25), p. 19. Hall, incidentally, spells the name of the ship Vikery.

30. Notehelfer, op. cit., pp. 232, 249.

31. Katherine Plummer, The Shogun’s Reluctant Ambassadors: Japanese Sea Drifters in the North Pacific (Portland, 1991), pp. 201-202.

32. Joseph Heco, The Narrative of a Japanese (n.p., n.d.), vol. 1, pp. 201ff. For an account of the shipwreck and its aftermath, see Plummer, op. cit., pp. 186ff.

33. Heco, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 278; Plummer, op. cit., p. 204; Notehelfer, op. cit., p. 306n.

34. Cited in Plummer, op. cit., p. 191.

35. Kimura, op. cit., p. 158; Heco, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 148-49, 153-55; Plummer, op. cit., pp. 200, 204; Ayusawa Shintaro, Hyoryu, sakoku jidai no kaigai hatten [Drifters, overseas expansion during the age of national closure] (Tokyo, 1963), pp. 122ff.

36. Notehelfer, op. cit., pp. 51, 132, 144; Wakayama, "Bakunin and Hakodate", p. 179; Itabashi Tomoyuki, "Yokohama Hotel itsuji" [Anecdotes About the Yokohama Hotel], in Ukita Kazutami hakase kinen shigaku ronbunshu [Historical essays in commemoration of Dr. Ukita Kazutami] (Tokyo, 1943, pp. 175-191), p. 184.

37. Wakayama ("Bakunin and Hakodate", pp. 179-81) has pointed out that sources which give the hotel’s location as No. 37 rather than No. 70, such as Barr, op. cit., are in fact referring to a different place altogether, built after the original burned down in 1866.

38. Henmi, op. cit., p. 75; Itabashi, "Anecdotes", p. 178; Count von Eulenberg, Nihon Enseiki [Journal of the expedition to Japan], (Tokyo, 1969), p. 89.

39. The horseshoe shape of the hotel gave rise to confusion over whether the name "Hotel Hufnagel" really referred to the name of the proprietor (the word "hufnagel" in German means "horseshoe"). However, Itabashi’s investigations found the name J. C. Hufnagel listed in the official history of Yokohama as an early resident of the Settlement ("Anecdotes", p. 190, citing the Yokohama-shi shi ko [Draft history of Yokohama City]), and thus the matter seems closed.

40. For details on the Yokohama Hotel, see Itabashi, "Anecdotes", and also his "Ba kotohajime" [The first bar], in Buso kenkyu inshoki [Impressions gained from research on the cultures of Musashino and Sagami] (Tokyo, 1949, pp. 106-108); "Yokohama Hotel no tamatsukidai" [The billiard table at the Yokohama Hotel] in Nihon rekishi [Japanese history] No. 47 (April 1952), pp. 50-51; and "Yokohama Hotel no koro" [The period of the Yokohama Hotel], in Asahi shinbunsha ed., Kurobune kara hyakunen - Yokohama: hakurai bunka no ato [100 Years since the black ships came - Yokohama since the arrival of ship-borne culture] (Tokyo, 1954), pp. 39-42.

41. There are at least two extant illustrations of the billiard table in use. One, by a contemporary Japanese artist, is reproduced in Itabashi, "The period of the Yokohama Hotel", p. 42. The other, drawn by Illustrated London News correspondent Charles Wirgman, was carried in the satirical magazine Japan Punch in 1866 and is reproduced in Wakayama, "Bakunin and Hakodate", p. 188. Since Wirgman also recorded having stayed at the Yokohama Hotel (Illustrated London News, August 1861, cited in Wakayama, "Bakunin and Hakodate", p. 188), the possibility is strong that he met Bakunin at some point, but as yet no evidence has been found to support such a suggestion.

42. Eulenberg, op. cit., p. 151. The translation is from the Japanese edition. Spies’ account is also related in Itabashi, "Anecdotes", pp. 176 ff. It was originally published in German as Die Preussiche Expedition nach Ostasien wahrend der Jahre 1859-1862.

43. Henmi, op. cit., p. 75; Itabashi, "Anecdotes", pp. 177-78, 184.

44. Heine’s memoirs, cited in Itabashi, "Anecdotes", p. 184.

45. Cited in Hoare, op. cit., p. 9.

46. Henmi, op. cit., p. 75; Itabashi, "Anecdotes", p. 178. "Macauly" is the spelling given in Itabashi, citing Alexander Siebolt’s diary (see below).

47. Henmi, op. cit., p. 74.

48. Ibid., p. 76.

49. Ibid.; Itabashi, "Anecdotes", p. 181, citing Heine’s account of the Eulenberg Expedition titled Eine Weltreise um die nordliche Hemisphare in Verbindung mit der Ostasiatischen-Expedition in den Jahren 1860 und 61 [A world tour in the northern hemisphere with the East Asian Expedition of 1860-61]. See also Alfred Vagts, "Wilhelm Heine, Traveller Artist", (American-German Review, Vol. 22, No. 1 (October-November, 1955, pp. 9-13). Heine’s memoirs of the Perry Expedition have been translated into English by Frederic Trautmann (With Perry to Japan, A Memoir by William Heine (Honolulu, 1990). In addition to his contribution to the official narrative, in 1856 Heine published another collection of his paintings from the Perry Expedition under the title Graphic Scenes in the Japan Expedition.

50. Wakayama, "Bakunin and Hakodate", pp. 181-82; Kimura Ki (Tsuyoshi), "Bakunin to Nihon" [Bakunin and Japan], in his Gonin no kakumeika [Five Revolutionaries] (Tokyo, 1972, pp. 157-182), pp. 163-64; Itabashi, "Anecdotes", pp. ?. Henmi, op. cit., p. 76, gives a slightly different translation. The diary was subsequently published under the title Siebold’s Zweite Reise nach Japan (Siebold’s last visit to Japan).

51. Notehelfer, Japan, p. 369. Nettlau’s short biography of Bakunin, contained in G. P Maximoff, The Political Philosophy of Michael Bakunin (New York, 1964), gives the port of departure as Kanagawa. The mistake probably arose from the custom of the time to refer to the two ports interchangeably.

52. Heine’s memoirs, cited in Itabashi, "Anecdotes", p. 181, give the date of his departure as September 17, 1861. It is unlikely that two ships would be departing for San Francisco on the same day.

53. Cited in Herzen, op. cit., p. 1351.

54. Carr, Michael Bakunin, p. 234. Carr, "Bakunin’s Escape", p. 383 gives #300 as the sum borrowed. Avrich’s essay (Cited below), incidentally, spells Koe’s name as "Coe".

55. Henmi, op. cit., pp. 66, 77.

56. Raphael Pumpelly, My Reminiscences (New York, 1918), p. 268. Pumpelly was a passenger on the Carrington’s return trip, which left San Francisco on November 23.

57. Oscar Handlin, "A Russian Anarchist Visits Boston" (The New England Quarterly, No. 15 (1942), pp. 104-109), p. 107; Paul Avrich, "Bakunin and the United States" (International Review of Social History, No. 24 (1979), pp. 320-340), p. 322.

58. The account of Bakunin’s activities in the USA was compiled from the following sources: Handlin, op. cit.; Avrich, op. cit., pp. 321-28; Carr, "Bakunin’s Escape", pp. 383-84; Carr, Michael Bakunin, pp. 233-35; and Henmi, op. cit., p. 77.

59. Handlin, op. cit., p. 108; Hecht, op. cit., p. 57; Avrich, op. cit., p. 325.

60. Avrich, op. cit., p. 329.

61. Ibid., p. 331.

62. Hecht, op. cit., p. 63; Avrich, op. cit., p. 329.

63. Cited in Hecht, op. cit., p. 75.

64. Cited in Kimura, op. cit., p. 169.

65. Unless otherwise indicated, the following account is based on E. H. Carr, "The League of Peace and Freedom: An Episode in the Quest for Collective Security", (International Affairs, November 1935, pp. 837-844); Carr, Michael Bakunin, Chapter 25; and Kimura, op. cit., pp. 167-69.

66. Ritsumeikan University, ed., Saionji Kimmochi den [Biography of Saionji Kimmochi], (Tokyo, 1993), p. 231; Yonehara Ken, "Emile Acollas no koto" [About Emile Acollas], (Shosai no mado [Window on books], No. 367, 1987, pp. 53-59), p. 55.

67. Cited in Aileen Kelly, Mikhail Bakunin (Oxford, 1982), p. 179.

68. Kimura, op. cit., p. 167.

69. Cited in Carr, Michael Bakunin, p. 341.

70. See his Guerre aux monarchies, motions faites au Congres de Lausanne [War on monarchies, motions passed at the Congress of Lausanne] (Geneva, 1869).

71. See his Actes et Paroles [Deeds and Words], volume 2, p. 291.

72. Kimura, op. cit., p. 181; Jackson H. Bailey, "Prince Saionji and the Popular Rights Movement of the 1880s" (Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 21, No. 1, November 1961, pp. 49-63), p. 51; Oka Yoshitake, Five Political Leaders of Modern Japan (Tokyo, 1986), pp. 178-80.

73. Ritsumeikan University, op. cit., pp. 206-11. For Saionji’s own reminiscences of the 1871 events, see Ibid., 213ff.

74. Ibid., 231; Ida Shinya, Nakae Chomin to France [Nakae Chomin and France] (Tokyo, 1987), Preface, p. 50 (separately numbered); also pp. 22, 365; Bailey, op. cit., p. 51.

75. Ritsumeikan University, op. cit., pp. 213-18, 227-28.

76. Ibid., 229-30, 232-34; Bailey, op. cit., p. 51-4.

77. For details, see Ida, op. cit., pp. 105, 109n, 365.

78. Ritsumeikan University, op. cit., pp. 237-41.

79. Ida, op. cit., pp. 369-70.

80. Margaret B. Dardess, A Discourse on Government: Nakae Chomin and his Sansui jin keirin mondo (Western Washington State College, 1977), pp. 3-5.

81. Ida, op. cit., p. 12; F. G. Notehelfer, Kotoku Shusui: Portrait of a Japanese Radical (Cambridge University Press, 1971), pp. 20-26.

82. Dardess, op. cit., pp. 5-6: Hane Mikiso, Modern Japan (Boulder, 1986), p. 124.

83. Ritsumeikan University, op. cit., pp. 229, 231.

84. Cited in Ibid, pp. 248-49.

85. Bailey, op. cit., p. 55.

86. Dardess, op. cit., p. 17; Bailey, op. cit., pp. 55-57.

87. Cited in Nakae Chomin, A Discourse by Three Drunkards on Government (Trans. Nobuko Tsukui, ed. Nobuko Tsukui & Jeffrey Hammond, New York, 1984), p. 21.

88. Oka, op. cit., pp. 180-84; Nakae, op. cit., pp. 20-21; Bailey, op. cit., pp. 59-63.

89. Dardess, op. cit., pp. 59-60.

90. Ibid., p. 61.

91. Ibid., pp. 15-16; Ida, op. cit., p. 373.

92. Dardess, op. cit., p. 96.

93. Cited in Simon Winchester, Pacific Rising: The Emergence of a New World Culture (New York, 1991), p. 26.

94. Anthony Masters, Bakunin, The Father of Anarchism (New York, Saturday Review Press/E. P. Dutton & Co., 1974), p. 136.

95. George Woodcock, The Monk and his Message (Vancouver, 1992), pp. 1-2.